diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/ar/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/ar/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8634ab559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/ar/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "استوديو الإضافات",
+  "navLabel": "الإضافات حسب القدرة",
+  "countLabel": "{bundles} حزمة · {elements} إضافة مدرجة هنا",
+  "changeLanguage": "تغيير اللغة",
+  "copyEmbed": "نسخ رمز التضمين",
+  "copy": "نسخ",
+  "copied": "تم النسخ",
+  "scriptEmbed": "تضمين عبر سكربت",
+  "loading": "جارٍ تحميل {name}…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "تعذّر تحميل {name}.",
+  "chooseElement": "اختر إضافة من القائمة.",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "تصفية الإضافات",
+  "collapseAll": "طي الكل",
+  "noMatch": "لا توجد إضافة تطابق «{query}».",
+  "openSection": "فتح {cap}، {label}",
+  "part": "جزء",
+  "noStandalone": "بلا صفحة مستقلة",
+  "cap5": "هيكل التطبيق",
+  "cap4": "مركّب",
+  "cap3": "متعدد العروض",
+  "cap2": "إعداد مسبق",
+  "cap1": "مفرد",
+  "toggleList": "إظهار القائمة أو إخفاؤها",
+  "openViews": "فتح قائمة العروض",
+  "expandList": "توسيع القائمة",
+  "collapseList": "طي القائمة",
+  "collapse": "طي",
+  "partOf": "جزء من {name}، غير منشور بمفرده"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/de/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/de/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adf79f7f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/de/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "Plugin-Studio",
+  "navLabel": "Plugins nach Fähigkeit",
+  "countLabel": "{bundles} Bundles · {elements} Plugins hier aufgeführt",
+  "changeLanguage": "Sprache ändern",
+  "copyEmbed": "Einbettung kopieren",
+  "copy": "Kopieren",
+  "copied": "Kopiert",
+  "scriptEmbed": "Skript-Einbettung",
+  "loading": "{name} wird geladen…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "{name} konnte nicht geladen werden.",
+  "chooseElement": "Wählen Sie ein Plugin aus der Liste.",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "Plugins filtern",
+  "collapseAll": "Alle einklappen",
+  "noMatch": "Kein Plugin entspricht „{query}“.",
+  "openSection": "{cap} öffnen, {label}",
+  "part": "Teil",
+  "noStandalone": "keine eigene Seite",
+  "cap5": "App-Shell",
+  "cap4": "Komposit",
+  "cap3": "Mehrfachansicht",
+  "cap2": "Voreinstellung",
+  "cap1": "Einzeln",
+  "toggleList": "Liste ein-/ausblenden",
+  "openViews": "Ansichtsliste öffnen",
+  "expandList": "Liste ausklappen",
+  "collapseList": "Liste einklappen",
+  "collapse": "Einklappen",
+  "partOf": "Teil von {name}, nicht eigenständig veröffentlicht"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/en/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/en/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a122b400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/en/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "Plugin Studio",
+  "navLabel": "Plugins by capability",
+  "countLabel": "{bundles} bundles · {elements} plugins listed here",
+  "changeLanguage": "Change language",
+  "copyEmbed": "Copy embed",
+  "copy": "Copy",
+  "copied": "Copied",
+  "scriptEmbed": "Script embed",
+  "loading": "Loading {name}…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "Could not load {name}.",
+  "chooseElement": "Choose a plugin from the list.",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "Filter plugins",
+  "collapseAll": "Collapse all",
+  "noMatch": "No plugin matches “{query}”.",
+  "openSection": "Open {cap}, {label}",
+  "part": "part",
+  "noStandalone": "no standalone page",
+  "cap5": "App shell",
+  "cap4": "Composite",
+  "cap3": "Multi-view",
+  "cap2": "Preset",
+  "cap1": "Single",
+  "toggleList": "Toggle list",
+  "openViews": "Open the list of views",
+  "expandList": "Expand list",
+  "collapseList": "Collapse list",
+  "collapse": "Collapse",
+  "partOf": "part of {name}, not published on its own"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/es/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/es/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba70af3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/es/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "Estudio de plugins",
+  "navLabel": "Plugins por capacidad",
+  "countLabel": "{bundles} paquetes · {elements} plugins listados aquí",
+  "changeLanguage": "Cambiar idioma",
+  "copyEmbed": "Copiar código de inserción",
+  "copy": "Copiar",
+  "copied": "Copiado",
+  "scriptEmbed": "Inserción por script",
+  "loading": "Cargando {name}…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "No se pudo cargar {name}.",
+  "chooseElement": "Elija un plugin de la lista.",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "Filtrar plugins",
+  "collapseAll": "Contraer todo",
+  "noMatch": "Ningún plugin coincide con «{query}».",
+  "openSection": "Abrir {cap}, {label}",
+  "part": "parte",
+  "noStandalone": "sin página propia",
+  "cap5": "Contenedor de aplicación",
+  "cap4": "Compuesto",
+  "cap3": "Multivista",
+  "cap2": "Preajuste",
+  "cap1": "Individual",
+  "toggleList": "Mostrar u ocultar la lista",
+  "openViews": "Abrir la lista de vistas",
+  "expandList": "Expandir la lista",
+  "collapseList": "Contraer la lista",
+  "collapse": "Contraer",
+  "partOf": "parte de {name}, no publicada por separado"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/fr/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/fr/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7db511c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/fr/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "Studio de plugins",
+  "navLabel": "Plugins par capacité",
+  "countLabel": "{bundles} paquets · {elements} plugins listés ici",
+  "changeLanguage": "Changer de langue",
+  "copyEmbed": "Copier le code d’intégration",
+  "copy": "Copier",
+  "copied": "Copié",
+  "scriptEmbed": "Intégration par script",
+  "loading": "Chargement de {name}…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "Impossible de charger {name}.",
+  "chooseElement": "Choisissez un plugin dans la liste.",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "Filtrer les plugins",
+  "collapseAll": "Tout replier",
+  "noMatch": "Aucun plugin ne correspond à « {query} ».",
+  "openSection": "Ouvrir {cap}, {label}",
+  "part": "partie",
+  "noStandalone": "pas de page autonome",
+  "cap5": "Coquille d’application",
+  "cap4": "Composite",
+  "cap3": "Multivue",
+  "cap2": "Préréglage",
+  "cap1": "Simple",
+  "toggleList": "Afficher ou masquer la liste",
+  "openViews": "Ouvrir la liste des vues",
+  "expandList": "Déplier la liste",
+  "collapseList": "Replier la liste",
+  "collapse": "Replier",
+  "partOf": "partie de {name}, non publiée seule"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/hi/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/hi/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..818c8e238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/hi/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "प्लगइन स्टूडियो",
+  "navLabel": "क्षमता के अनुसार प्लगइन",
+  "countLabel": "{bundles} बंडल · यहाँ {elements} प्लगइन सूचीबद्ध",
+  "changeLanguage": "भाषा बदलें",
+  "copyEmbed": "एम्बेड कोड कॉपी करें",
+  "copy": "कॉपी करें",
+  "copied": "कॉपी हो गया",
+  "scriptEmbed": "स्क्रिप्ट एम्बेड",
+  "loading": "{name} लोड हो रहा है…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "{name} लोड नहीं हो सका।",
+  "chooseElement": "सूची से कोई प्लगइन चुनें।",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "प्लगइन फ़िल्टर करें",
+  "collapseAll": "सभी संक्षिप्त करें",
+  "noMatch": "“{query}” से कोई प्लगइन मेल नहीं खाता।",
+  "openSection": "{cap} खोलें, {label}",
+  "part": "भाग",
+  "noStandalone": "कोई अलग पेज नहीं",
+  "cap5": "ऐप शेल",
+  "cap4": "संयुक्त",
+  "cap3": "बहु-दृश्य",
+  "cap2": "प्रीसेट",
+  "cap1": "एकल",
+  "toggleList": "सूची दिखाएँ या छिपाएँ",
+  "openViews": "दृश्यों की सूची खोलें",
+  "expandList": "सूची फैलाएँ",
+  "collapseList": "सूची संक्षिप्त करें",
+  "collapse": "संक्षिप्त करें",
+  "partOf": "{name} का भाग, अलग से प्रकाशित नहीं"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/it/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/it/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d84390537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/it/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "Studio dei plugin",
+  "navLabel": "Plugin per capacità",
+  "countLabel": "{bundles} pacchetti · {elements} plugin elencati qui",
+  "changeLanguage": "Cambia lingua",
+  "copyEmbed": "Copia codice di incorporamento",
+  "copy": "Copia",
+  "copied": "Copiato",
+  "scriptEmbed": "Incorporamento tramite script",
+  "loading": "Caricamento di {name}…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "Impossibile caricare {name}.",
+  "chooseElement": "Scegli un plugin dall’elenco.",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "Filtra i plugin",
+  "collapseAll": "Comprimi tutto",
+  "noMatch": "Nessun plugin corrisponde a «{query}».",
+  "openSection": "Apri {cap}, {label}",
+  "part": "parte",
+  "noStandalone": "nessuna pagina propria",
+  "cap5": "Shell dell’app",
+  "cap4": "Composito",
+  "cap3": "Multivista",
+  "cap2": "Preimpostato",
+  "cap1": "Singolo",
+  "toggleList": "Mostra o nascondi l’elenco",
+  "openViews": "Apri l’elenco delle viste",
+  "expandList": "Espandi l’elenco",
+  "collapseList": "Comprimi l’elenco",
+  "collapse": "Comprimi",
+  "partOf": "parte di {name}, non pubblicata da sola"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/pt/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/pt/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f2a31352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/pt/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "Estúdio de plugins",
+  "navLabel": "Plugins por capacidade",
+  "countLabel": "{bundles} pacotes · {elements} plugins listados aqui",
+  "changeLanguage": "Mudar idioma",
+  "copyEmbed": "Copiar código de incorporação",
+  "copy": "Copiar",
+  "copied": "Copiado",
+  "scriptEmbed": "Incorporação por script",
+  "loading": "Carregando {name}…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "Não foi possível carregar {name}.",
+  "chooseElement": "Escolha um plugin na lista.",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "Filtrar plugins",
+  "collapseAll": "Recolher tudo",
+  "noMatch": "Nenhum plugin corresponde a “{query}”.",
+  "openSection": "Abrir {cap}, {label}",
+  "part": "parte",
+  "noStandalone": "sem página própria",
+  "cap5": "Shell do aplicativo",
+  "cap4": "Composto",
+  "cap3": "Multivisualização",
+  "cap2": "Predefinição",
+  "cap1": "Único",
+  "toggleList": "Mostrar ou ocultar a lista",
+  "openViews": "Abrir a lista de visualizações",
+  "expandList": "Expandir a lista",
+  "collapseList": "Recolher a lista",
+  "collapse": "Recolher",
+  "partOf": "parte de {name}, não publicada separadamente"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/ro/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/ro/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f4c1de38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/ro/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "Studio de pluginuri",
+  "navLabel": "Pluginuri după capacitate",
+  "countLabel": "{bundles} pachete · {elements} pluginuri listate aici",
+  "changeLanguage": "Schimbă limba",
+  "copyEmbed": "Copiază codul de încorporare",
+  "copy": "Copiază",
+  "copied": "Copiat",
+  "scriptEmbed": "Încorporare prin script",
+  "loading": "Se încarcă {name}…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "{name} nu a putut fi încărcat.",
+  "chooseElement": "Alegeți un plugin din listă.",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "Filtrează pluginurile",
+  "collapseAll": "Restrânge tot",
+  "noMatch": "Niciun plugin nu corespunde cu „{query}”.",
+  "openSection": "Deschide {cap}, {label}",
+  "part": "parte",
+  "noStandalone": "fără pagină proprie",
+  "cap5": "Cadru de aplicație",
+  "cap4": "Compus",
+  "cap3": "Vizualizări multiple",
+  "cap2": "Presetat",
+  "cap1": "Simplu",
+  "toggleList": "Afișează sau ascunde lista",
+  "openViews": "Deschide lista de vizualizări",
+  "expandList": "Extinde lista",
+  "collapseList": "Restrânge lista",
+  "collapse": "Restrânge",
+  "partOf": "parte din {name}, nepublicată separat"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/ru/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/ru/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a65453637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/ru/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "Студия плагинов",
+  "navLabel": "Плагины по возможностям",
+  "countLabel": "Здесь: пакетов {bundles} · плагинов {elements}",
+  "changeLanguage": "Сменить язык",
+  "copyEmbed": "Скопировать код встраивания",
+  "copy": "Копировать",
+  "copied": "Скопировано",
+  "scriptEmbed": "Встраивание через скрипт",
+  "loading": "Загрузка {name}…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "Не удалось загрузить {name}.",
+  "chooseElement": "Выберите плагин из списка.",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "Фильтр плагинов",
+  "collapseAll": "Свернуть всё",
+  "noMatch": "Нет плагинов, соответствующих «{query}».",
+  "openSection": "Открыть {cap}, {label}",
+  "part": "часть",
+  "noStandalone": "нет отдельной страницы",
+  "cap5": "Оболочка приложения",
+  "cap4": "Составной",
+  "cap3": "Несколько видов",
+  "cap2": "Предустановка",
+  "cap1": "Одиночный",
+  "toggleList": "Показать или скрыть список",
+  "openViews": "Открыть список представлений",
+  "expandList": "Развернуть список",
+  "collapseList": "Свернуть список",
+  "collapse": "Свернуть",
+  "partOf": "часть {name}, не публикуется отдельно"
+}
diff --git a/library/i18n/locales/zh/studio.json b/library/i18n/locales/zh/studio.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ade089a8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/i18n/locales/zh/studio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "title": "插件工作室",
+  "navLabel": "按能力分类的插件",
+  "countLabel": "此处列出 {bundles} 个包 · {elements} 个插件",
+  "changeLanguage": "切换语言",
+  "copyEmbed": "复制嵌入代码",
+  "copy": "复制",
+  "copied": "已复制",
+  "scriptEmbed": "脚本嵌入",
+  "loading": "正在加载 {name}…",
+  "couldNotLoad": "无法加载 {name}。",
+  "chooseElement": "请从列表中选择一个插件。",
+  "filterPlaceholder": "筛选插件",
+  "collapseAll": "全部折叠",
+  "noMatch": "没有与“{query}”匹配的插件。",
+  "openSection": "打开 {cap}，{label}",
+  "part": "部分",
+  "noStandalone": "无独立页面",
+  "cap5": "应用外壳",
+  "cap4": "组合",
+  "cap3": "多视图",
+  "cap2": "预设",
+  "cap1": "单一",
+  "toggleList": "显示或隐藏列表",
+  "openViews": "打开视图列表",
+  "expandList": "展开列表",
+  "collapseList": "折叠列表",
+  "collapse": "折叠",
+  "partOf": "{name} 的一部分，不单独发布"
+}
diff --git a/library/layouts/VerticalTabsLayout.vue b/library/layouts/VerticalTabsLayout.vue
index 7df6bd178..32a36c37f 100644
--- a/library/layouts/VerticalTabsLayout.vue
+++ b/library/layouts/VerticalTabsLayout.vue
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
   <div class="vtl" :class="{ 'nav-open': navOpen, 'rail-collapsed': railCollapsed, 'no-header': !header }">
     <header class="vtl-top" v-if="header">
       <button class="vtl-menu" type="button" :aria-expanded="String(navOpen)" @click="navOpen = !navOpen"
-        aria-label="Toggle list">☰</button>
+        :aria-label="label('toggleList')">☰</button>
       <span class="vtl-brand"><slot name="brand" /></span>
       <b class="vtl-title">{{ title }}</b>
       <span class="vtl-meta"><slot name="meta" /></span>
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
          floating button over an open drawer would just cover a row. -->
     <button v-if="narrow && !header && !navOpen"
       class="vtl-fab" type="button" :aria-expanded="String(navOpen)"
-      @click="navOpen = true" aria-label="Open the list of views">☰</button>
+      @click="navOpen = true" :aria-label="label('openViews')">☰</button>
 
     <div class="vtl-body">
       <!-- Rail visibility is CSS-driven via `transform`, never v-show/display:none — a display:none element
@@ -130,10 +130,10 @@
         <button
           type="button" class="vtl-collapse"
           :aria-expanded="String(!railCollapsed)"
-          :aria-label="railCollapsed ? 'Expand list' : 'Collapse list'"
+          :aria-label="railCollapsed ? label('expandList') : label('collapseList')"
           @click="toggleRail">
           <span class="vtl-collapse-ic" aria-hidden="true" v-html="iconSvg('chevron')"></span>
-          <span class="vtl-collapse-tx">Collapse</span>
+          <span class="vtl-collapse-tx">{{ label('collapse') }}</span>
         </button>
 
         <!-- #rail: a host that needs MORE than tabs (e.g. plugin-studio's tree) supplies the whole rail
@@ -511,6 +511,9 @@ export default defineComponent({
     // When `groups` is non-empty it takes precedence over `items`.
     groups: { type: Array, default: () => [] },
     navLabel: { type: String, default: 'Sections' },
+    // The shell's own words, for a localised host: { toggleList, openViews, expandList, collapseList,
+    // collapse }. Any key left out keeps its English default, so existing hosts are unchanged.
+    labels: { type: Object, default: () => ({}) },
     // Start with the rail open (desktop). Auto-collapses on narrow screens after mount.
     initialNavOpen: { type: Boolean, default: true },
     // Render the top bar (#brand / title / #meta). Pass false for a sidebar-only, full-page element
@@ -618,6 +621,10 @@ export default defineComponent({
         this.navOpen = true
       }
     },
+    label(key) {
+      const EN = { toggleList: 'Toggle list', openViews: 'Open the list of views', expandList: 'Expand list', collapseList: 'Collapse list', collapse: 'Collapse' }
+      return (this.labels && this.labels[key]) || EN[key]
+    },
     // Open the desktop rail if it is in its slim state (a #rail host calls this when its slim-strip
     // icons are clicked: "show me that section" means the full rail). No-op when already open.
     expandRail() { if (!this.narrow && this.railCollapsed) this.railCollapsed = false },
diff --git a/plugin-designs/plugin-studio/plugin-studio.vue b/plugin-designs/plugin-studio/plugin-studio.vue
index 9a4c063f9..80c34bf33 100644
--- a/plugin-designs/plugin-studio/plugin-studio.vue
+++ b/plugin-designs/plugin-studio/plugin-studio.vue
@@ -51,8 +51,9 @@
        model + owns everything in the content area: the embed bar (as #toolbar) and the per-element
        panes with their direct-element mount + heavy-row teardown machinery. -->
   <VerticalTabsLayout
-    :title="heading"
-    nav-label="Plugin elements · by capability 5 → 1"
+    :title="heading || tr('title')"
+    :nav-label="tr('navLabel')"
+    :labels="{ toggleList: tr('toggleList'), openViews: tr('openViews'), expandList: tr('expandList'), collapseList: tr('collapseList'), collapse: tr('collapse') }"
     :header="true"
     :active="activeKey"
     @update:active="select">
@@ -60,7 +61,8 @@
     <!-- #rail: the Explorer tree (src/StudioTree.vue) — capability sections, each composite folding
          to show what it is made of. The layout keeps the rail frame (collapse, drawer, slim strip). -->
     <template #rail="{ collapsed, expand, pick }">
-      <StudioTree :sections="treeSections" :active="activeKey" :collapsed="collapsed" :expand="expand" :pick="pick" />
+      <StudioTree :sections="treeSections" :active="activeKey" :collapsed="collapsed" :expand="expand" :pick="pick"
+        :strings="{ filterPlaceholder: tr('filterPlaceholder'), collapseAll: tr('collapseAll'), noMatch: tr('noMatch'), treeLabel: tr('navLabel'), openSection: tr('openSection'), part: tr('part') }" />
     </template>
 
     <!-- #brand: the studio's logo mark (a plug/puzzle glyph — "plugin studio"), left of the title.
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@
       <span class="ps-count">{{ countLabel }}</span>
       <span class="ps-locale">
         <button type="button" class="ps-locale-btn" :aria-expanded="String(localeOpen)"
-          aria-label="Change language" @click="localeOpen = !localeOpen">
+          :aria-label="tr('changeLanguage')" @click="localeOpen = !localeOpen">
           <span class="ps-flag">{{ activeLang.flag }}</span>
           <span class="ps-locale-name">{{ activeLang.nativeName }}</span>
           <span class="ps-dots" aria-hidden="true">⋮</span>
@@ -111,12 +113,12 @@
             <span class="ps-bar-sub">{{ active.bundle }} · &lt;{{ active.tag }}&gt;<span v-if="active.description"> · {{ active.description }}</span></span>
           </div>
           <button type="button" class="ps-btn" :aria-expanded="String(embedOpen)"
-            @click="embedOpen = !embedOpen" v-if="active.embed">Copy embed</button>
+            @click="embedOpen = !embedOpen" v-if="active.embed">{{ tr('copyEmbed') }}</button>
         </div>
 
         <div class="ps-embed" v-if="embedOpen && active.embed">
-          <label>script embed
-            <button type="button" class="ps-btn" @click="copyText(active.embed, $event.target)">Copy</button>
+          <label>{{ tr('scriptEmbed') }}
+            <button type="button" class="ps-btn" @click="copyText(active.embed, $event.target)">{{ tr('copy') }}</button>
           </label>
           <textarea readonly :value="active.embed"></textarea>
         </div>
@@ -142,13 +144,13 @@
 
         <template v-if="!row.heavy || row.key === activeKey">
           <div class="ps-slot" :ref="el => setSlot(row.key, el)"></div>
-          <div v-if="row.state === 'loading'" class="ps-hint">Loading {{ row.label }}…</div>
+          <div v-if="row.state === 'loading'" class="ps-hint">{{ tr('loading', { name: row.label }) }}</div>
           <div v-else-if="row.state === 'error'" class="ps-hint err">
-            Could not load {{ row.label }}.<br /><small>{{ row.error }}</small>
+            {{ tr('couldNotLoad', { name: row.label }) }}<br /><small>{{ row.error }}</small>
           </div>
         </template>
       </section>
-      <div class="ps-hint" v-if="!activeKey">Choose an element from the list.</div>
+      <div class="ps-hint" v-if="!activeKey">{{ tr('chooseElement') }}</div>
     </div>
   </VerticalTabsLayout>
 </template>
@@ -255,8 +257,9 @@ const capFor = (t) => (PT[t] != null ? 5 - PT[t] : 1)
 // Rail row icon per capability: LOCAL inline SVG names (app-wrapper-material/icons.js), not emoji.
 // These were emoji until 2026-09-24, and on a box with no emoji font (measured: this one) every rail
 // row led with an empty tofu box — the first thing a developer saw on every plugin.
-// Short tier names for the rail's section headers (the full CAP_LABEL is their tooltip).
-const CAP_SHORT = { 5: 'App shell', 4: 'Composite', 3: 'Multi-view', 2: 'Preset', 1: 'Single' }
+// Machine names of the five tiers — technical terms, shown untranslated after the localised tier name
+// in a section header's tooltip (the localised names live in studio.json cap1…cap5).
+const MACHINE_TYPE = { 5: 'nested-mfe-spa', 4: 'nested-elements-mfe', 3: 'monolithic', 2: 'parameterized', 1: 'single' }
 const CAP_ICON = { 5: 'monitor', 4: 'tree', 3: 'layers', 2: 'grid', 1: 'embed' }
 
 // MAP ELEMENTS. These own a live WebGL context, so they are the rows the studio DESTROYS on
@@ -302,6 +305,17 @@ const HEAVY_ELEMENTS = new Set([
 // doxa-maps-spa's NOT_EXPERIMENTAL already hides big-picture for the same reason.
 const STUDIO_HIDDEN = new Set(['big-picture'])
 
+// THE STUDIO'S OWN WORDS, in every locale the switcher offers (library/i18n/locales/<lc>/studio.json,
+// held to the same key parity as every other catalog by check:i18n-parity). The studio has no
+// vue-i18n instance — it is a shell, not a ProfileLoader plugin — so it looks strings up directly
+// and falls back to English per key. Before this, choosing a language translated the plugins
+// but left the studio's own chrome in English.
+const STUDIO_STRINGS = {}
+for (const [path, mod] of Object.entries(import.meta.glob('../../library/i18n/locales/*/studio.json', { eager: true, import: 'default' }))) {
+  const m = path.match(/locales\/([^/]+)\/studio\.json$/)
+  if (m) STUDIO_STRINGS[m[1]] = mod
+}
+
 // DISPLAY NAMES — what a row is CALLED, keyed by "<bundle>/<profile>". Display only: the row key, the
 // URL hash, the stored last-tab and the <tag> under the name are all unchanged, so links and memory
 // keep working. The Driver's name for the cap-5 shell is "Research Gallery" (its meta.json label);
@@ -371,7 +385,8 @@ export default defineComponent({
     // Renaming the PROP is safe because nothing outside ever set it: no host passes title=, no
     // profile-config reads cfg.title, and the value is only forwarded to VerticalTabsLayout — an
     // ordinary Vue component, never a custom element, so its own `title` prop has no collision.
-    heading: { type: String, default: 'Plugin Studio' },
+    // Empty = the localised "Plugin Studio" (studio.json `title`); a host may still set its own.
+    heading: { type: String, default: '' },
     tokenUrl: { type: String, default: '' },
     tk: { type: String, default: '' }
   },
@@ -441,7 +456,7 @@ export default defineComponent({
           const t = treeOf.get(r.key)
           nodes.push({
             id: r.key, parent: '', depth: 0, label: r.label, desc: r.tag, icon: r.icon, target: r.key,
-            kids: t ? t.nodes[0].kids : 0, title: r.label + ' · <' + r.tag + '> · CAP ' + r.cap + ' ' + (CAP_LABEL[r.cap] || '')
+            kids: t ? t.nodes[0].kids : 0, title: r.label + ' · <' + r.tag + '> · CAP ' + r.cap + ' ' + this.tr('cap' + r.cap)
           })
           if (!t) continue
           const nid = (id) => (id === 0 ? r.key : r.key + '>' + id)
@@ -450,16 +465,16 @@ export default defineComponent({
               id: nid(n.id), parent: nid(n.ancestors[n.ancestors.length - 1]), depth: n.depth,
               label: n.label, part: !!n.part, target: n.selects || '',
               icon: n.part ? 'dots' : (CAP_ICON[n.cap] || 'embed'),
-              desc: n.part ? 'no standalone page' : 'cap ' + n.cap + ' · ' + n.tag,
+              desc: n.part ? this.tr('noStandalone') : 'cap ' + n.cap + ' · ' + n.tag,
               kids: n.kids || 0,
-              title: n.part ? n.label + ' · part of ' + r.label + ', not published on its own'
-                : n.label + ' · <' + n.tag + '> · CAP ' + n.cap + ' ' + (CAP_LABEL[n.cap] || '')
+              title: n.part ? n.label + ' · ' + this.tr('partOf', { name: r.label })
+                : n.label + ' · <' + n.tag + '> · CAP ' + n.cap + ' ' + this.tr('cap' + n.cap)
             })
           }
         }
         // Short section names: the header shares a 256px rail with its CAP badge and count, and the
         // full "App shell · nested-mfe-spa" truncated to "APP SHELL · NEST…". The long name is the tooltip.
-        return { id: 'cap-' + g.cap, cap: g.cap, label: CAP_SHORT[g.cap] || g.label, title: g.label, icon: CAP_ICON[g.cap] || 'embed', nodes }
+        return { id: 'cap-' + g.cap, cap: g.cap, label: this.tr('cap' + g.cap), title: this.tr('cap' + g.cap) + ' · ' + (MACHINE_TYPE[g.cap] || ''), icon: CAP_ICON[g.cap] || 'embed', nodes }
       })
     },
     // ★ ONE TREE PER COMPOSITE, built ENTIRELY from the manifest's `composes` edges — no bundle names
@@ -530,7 +545,7 @@ export default defineComponent({
     // total reads as a deliberate exclusion rather than an off-by-one.
     countLabel() {
       const nb = new Set(this.rows.map(r => r.bundle)).size
-      return nb + ' bundles · ' + this.rows.length + ' elements listed here'
+      return this.tr('countLabel', { bundles: nb, elements: this.rows.length })
     },
     activeLang() { return getLanguage(this.locale) || { code: this.locale, flag: '🌐', nativeName: this.locale } }
   },
@@ -538,6 +553,13 @@ export default defineComponent({
     this.loadManifest()
   },
   methods: {
+    // Localised studio string: current locale → English → the key itself; {name}-style placeholders.
+    tr(key, vars) {
+      const base = (this.locale || 'en').split('-')[0]
+      let str = (STUDIO_STRINGS[this.locale] || {})[key] || (STUDIO_STRINGS[base] || {})[key] || (STUDIO_STRINGS.en || {})[key] || key
+      if (vars) for (const k in vars) str = str.split('{' + k + '}').join(String(vars[k]))
+      return str
+    },
     // Resolve one `composes` entry to a studio row. The manifest's refs are NOT one shape: an
     // element TAG, a "<bundle>/<profile>" row KEY, a BUNDLE name whose tag differs,
     // or a bare SIBLING profile name (gospel-resources composes "resources-map", "data-tables" — its
@@ -785,7 +807,7 @@ export default defineComponent({
       })
     },
     copyText(text, btn) {
-      const ok = () => { const t = btn.textContent; btn.textContent = 'Copied'; setTimeout(() => { btn.textContent = t }, 1200) }
+      const ok = () => { const t = btn.textContent; btn.textContent = this.tr('copied'); setTimeout(() => { btn.textContent = t }, 1200) }
       if (navigator.clipboard && navigator.clipboard.writeText) navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(ok, () => {})
       else {
         try { const ta = document.createElement('textarea'); ta.value = text; document.body.appendChild(ta); ta.select(); document.execCommand('copy'); document.body.removeChild(ta); ok() } catch { /* ignore */ }
diff --git a/plugin-designs/plugin-studio/src/StudioTree.vue b/plugin-designs/plugin-studio/src/StudioTree.vue
index 17ce00d0b..46c66b4e7 100644
--- a/plugin-designs/plugin-studio/src/StudioTree.vue
+++ b/plugin-designs/plugin-studio/src/StudioTree.vue
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
   <div v-if="collapsed" class="st-activity">
     <button v-for="s in sections" :key="s.id" type="button" class="st-act"
       :class="{ active: s.id === activeSectionId }"
-      :aria-label="'Open CAP ' + s.cap + ', ' + s.label"
+      :aria-label="str('openSection', { cap: 'CAP ' + s.cap, label: s.label })"
       @click="openSectionFromActivity(s.id)">
       <span class="st-act-ic" aria-hidden="true" v-html="svg(s.icon)"></span>
       <span class="st-act-n" aria-hidden="true">{{ s.cap }}</span>
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@
     <div class="st-bar">
       <label class="st-find">
         <span class="st-find-ic" aria-hidden="true" v-html="svg('search')"></span>
-        <input ref="find" type="search" class="st-find-in" v-model="query" placeholder="Filter plugins"
-          aria-label="Filter plugins" @keydown="onFindKey" />
+        <input ref="find" type="search" class="st-find-in" v-model="query" :placeholder="str('filterPlaceholder')"
+          :aria-label="str('filterPlaceholder')" @keydown="onFindKey" />
       </label>
-      <button type="button" class="st-tool" aria-label="Collapse all" title="Collapse all" @click="collapseAll">
+      <button type="button" class="st-tool" :aria-label="str('collapseAll')" :title="str('collapseAll')" @click="collapseAll">
         <span aria-hidden="true" v-html="collapseAllSvg"></span>
       </button>
     </div>
 
-    <div class="st-tree" role="tree" aria-label="Plugins by capability" @keydown="onTreeKey">
+    <div class="st-tree" role="tree" :aria-label="str('treeLabel')" @keydown="onTreeKey">
       <div v-for="item in visible" :key="item.id"
         :ref="el => setRow(item.id, el)"
         role="treeitem"
@@ -80,12 +80,12 @@
           <span v-else class="st-twisty-sp" aria-hidden="true"></span>
           <span class="st-ic" aria-hidden="true" v-html="svg(item.icon)"></span>
           <span class="st-label">{{ item.label }}</span>
-          <span class="st-part" v-if="item.part">part</span>
+          <span class="st-part" v-if="item.part">{{ str('part') }}</span>
           <span class="st-desc">{{ item.desc }}</span>
           <span class="st-count" v-if="item.expandable">{{ item.kids }}</span>
         </template>
       </div>
-      <p class="st-empty" v-if="query && !visible.length">No plugin matches “{{ query }}”.</p>
+      <p class="st-empty" v-if="query && !visible.length">{{ str('noMatch', { query }) }}</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 </template>
@@ -139,6 +139,10 @@ const ST_CSS = '' +
   '.st-act-n { position:absolute; right:6px; bottom:5px; font:700 9px/1 system-ui,sans-serif; color:#5f8a63; }'
 
 const COLLAPSE_ALL = '<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><rect x="4" y="4" width="16" height="16" rx="3"/><line x1="8.5" y1="12" x2="15.5" y2="12"/></svg>'
+const EN = {
+  filterPlaceholder: 'Filter plugins', collapseAll: 'Collapse all', noMatch: 'No plugin matches “{query}”.',
+  treeLabel: 'Plugins by capability', openSection: 'Open {cap}, {label}', part: 'part'
+}
 const CHEV = '<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="9 6 15 12 9 18"/></svg>'
 
 export default defineComponent({
@@ -150,7 +154,9 @@ export default defineComponent({
     active: { type: String, default: '' },
     collapsed: { type: Boolean, default: false },
     pick: { type: Function, default: null },
-    expand: { type: Function, default: null }
+    expand: { type: Function, default: null },
+    // The host's localised strings (plugin-studio passes studio.json values); English fallbacks below.
+    strings: { type: Object, default: () => ({}) }
   },
   emits: ['select'],
   setup() { useShadowStyles(ST_CSS, 'studio-tree') },
@@ -221,6 +227,11 @@ export default defineComponent({
   },
   methods: {
     svg(name) { return name ? localIcon(name) : '' },
+    str(key, vars) {
+      let v = this.strings[key] || EN[key] || key
+      if (vars) for (const k in vars) v = v.split('{' + k + '}').join(String(vars[k]))
+      return v
+    },
     storageKey() { return 'dx-studio-tree:' + ((typeof location !== 'undefined' && location.pathname) || '') },
     // Guarded: storage THROWS in private mode / under policy, and a throw here would blank the studio.
     readState() { try { return JSON.parse(window.localStorage.getItem(this.storageKey()) || '{}') || {} } catch (_) { return {} } },